Serial Killers And The Social Learning Theory Essay

Serial killers are usually made because of a significant event/events that may have happened during their childhood. Albert DeSalvo may be one of those serial killers. He grew up in an abusive household. He was taught at an early age about sex and physical abuse. This behavior demonstrates the characteristics of the social learning theory. This paper will go into great detail on Albert DeSalvo’s family background and the crimes that he committed in his lifetime, give a brief description of social learning theory, discuss differential association, and show how Albert DeSalvo and the social learning theory are related. â€Å"Albert Henry DeSalvo was born on September 3, 1931 in Chelsea, Massachusetts† (Vronsky, 2004, p. 76). His mother married his father, who was an alcoholic that was arrested numerous times, when she was fifteen (Vronsky, 2004). Albert DeSalvo’s father â€Å"had beaten the children repeatedly and often forced his wife to have sexual relations in front of them† (Evans, 2003, p. 549). These acts had a major effect on Albert’s life and personality. According to Vronsky (2004), Albert DeSalvo was â€Å"once sold to a farmer in Maine along with his two sisters for nine dollars† (p. 76). There is no record of what happened while they were on the farm. His mother divorced his father after he was put in jail when Albert DeSalvo was twelve (Vronsky, 2004). According to Vronsky (2004), Albert felt alone as a child and did not allow himself to become close to anyone except for hisShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And The United States1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Serial murder crime though rare, is not a a new phenomenon. This crime has been committed for centuries and will continue to be a crime that is committed throughout the world. It is unfortunate and scary that this is probably one of the most serious of crimes that cannot be prevented. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, serial murderers commit their crimes because they want to. Rehabilitation is not obtainable for serial killers due to their inability for remorse and empathyRead MoreSerial Killers1314 Words   |  6 Pages like serial killers, and what drives them to do what they do. Many scientists are still researching whether or not if serial killers are driven by the way they were raised or if it is a part of their genes. This literature review will analyze what people think about the nature versus nurture debate. It will talk about the nature side and the nurture side of the debate. What is a serial killer? Eric Hickey (2012) in â€Å"Serial Killers: Defining Serial Murder† defines what a serial killer is exactlyRead MoreEssay on Ch 4 Notes Crim 260 Serial Killers1192 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 4 Social Construction of Serial Murder LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading this chapter, students should be able: 1. To evaluate sociological theories as they pertain to violent behavior. 2. To understand the role of family and maladaptive childhood behaviors that may portend adult criminality, especially violence. 3. To examine the incidence of school shootings by juveniles compared to adults. 4. To examine the Myers and Kirby typologies of juvenile serial killers. 5Read MoreDefinition And Description Of Crime1627 Words   |  7 PagesCriminology is the study of social sciences and criminal behavior, which is what I will be talking about in this essay. The main topic of my essay is homicide, which I will define and describe in the next paragraph. I will talk about the criminology theories that pertain to homicide, and a famous killer that can help the reader better understand what the theories actually mean and how they are seen in society. The last paragraph of this essay will talk about the social controls of criminals and ifRead MoreLife And Death Of A Serial Killer1092 Words   |  5 Pageschildren’s bed or in their closets. The monsters I’m referring to are serial killers that live and breathe the same air as us. In my opinion, Serial killers are sick psychopaths with no conscience, a damaged past, a lack morals and self-worth. After viewing the film â€Å"Life and Death of a Serial Killer† starring one of Americaâ⠂¬â„¢s first female serial killers, Aileen Wuornos; I began to wonder why do individuals become serial killers? What is so special about committing murders and what causes the urgeRead MoreInside The Mind Of A Serial Killer852 Words   |  4 PagesThe title of my proposed topic is: Inside The Mind of a Serial Killer. Mental Health services are a great portion of the Health and Human Service arena offering services to groups, individuals, intervention, prevention, inpatient, outpatient, and clinical administering of prescription drugs as well as court required evaluations. Mental health services are vital for understanding violent criminals and the treatment of all mental disorders. There are many Live-in Treatment Facilities to assist individualsRead MoreNature Vs. Nature : Nature And Nurture969 Words   |  4 Pages Human beings are complicated and have complex personalities—and serial killers even more complex. Determining where these personalities come from, especially in serial killers, is a question of speculation asked by psychologists. One theory, nature, is that who people are is determined by genetics. Another theory, nurture, is that people are who they are because of environment. Both theories are in fact correct; however, the cause of personality is not solely natur e or nurture, but onRead MoreA Profile Report By Eric W1570 Words   |  7 PagesAileen Carol Wournos A profile Report by Eric W. Hickey (2015) described Aileen Carol Wuornos was a serial executioner who had murdered seven men, broadly accepted to be the United States first female serial executioner. She was indicted six for the killings and sentenced to death, at last meeting her end through execution by deadly infusion. The result of an exceptionally broken marriage, Aileen had been subjected to terrible torments as a young lady. Her dad was a psychopathic pedophile whoRead MoreThe Case Of Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesmost notorious serial killer did not murder for financial gain, rage, or vengeance, he murdered to feed a desire. Could Dahmer’s DNA be the reason for his impulses to kill? Many theories criticize the biological perspective, but the studies of those who commit murder suggest the biological theory could be accurate. I. Introduction First, psychological theory suggests that a person’s environment and past can influence their ability and desire to commit crime while biological theory suggest a person’sRead MoreNature versus Nurture: Criminal Behavior2176 Words   |  9 Pagesto understand how criminals behave. The theory of what influences psychopath and serial killers’ violent and destructive pathways has not been agreed on till this day. Criminals such as psychopaths and serial killers have been researched for the past two decades. Scientists have found that genetics is a determining factor of who becomes a serial killer. It is important to understand the determinants involved within a serial killer, because if these social and environmental causes are discovered,

Racism, Racism And Racial Profiling - 889 Words

Throughout the assigned texts we have been reading there have been many underlying themes that all contribute to one major theme, racism in early Cuba. Early white Cuban’s and Cuban politicians denied racism in the country as a whole, calling Cuba a nation of Racial Democracy, but the entire social, economical, and political classes were setup with a type of â€Å"caste† system based off of racial profiling. Cuba’s desire for being considered elite among nations during the time period led to Cuba losing a lot of its true culture tied to Africa and African culture. In Robin Moore’s â€Å"Nationalizing Blackness† the first chapter consists of certain types of callouts or names used by Cuban locals to describe levels of blackness throughout the community. These types of names given to either black people or people of mixed color show that racism and racial profiling were extremely prevalent in early Cuba. These â€Å"normal† titles for people of color would be considered extremely offensive or racist in today’s American society. When Jose Marti claims the ideological view of racial democracy for Cuba, one can quickly assess that this claim of racial democracy was enabling Cuba to maintain a proper, non-racist view in the eyes of other countries. Cuba wanted to maintain a progressive, elite look in the eyes of other nations, especially Europeans and Americans. While Marti’s claims about everything being equal after the fighting of the colored Cuban soldiers with the white Cuban soldiersShow MoreRelatedRacism : Racism Or Racial Profiling923 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically, racism has existed through out human history from 500- 1000 years. Racism is considered to be directed on the part of the Westerners towards the non westerners, such as the Asians, Africans and others. Racism however, is defined as hatred imposed from one person to another. Racism can also be that one particularly race is more superior than the other, or less human, due to the state of origin, colour of skin, language, ethnicity, g ender, religious, and different biological characteristicsRead MoreRacism And Prejudice : Racial Profiling1078 Words   |  5 PagesRacism and Prejudice Inflicted black communities since segregation and is still continues in today’s 21st century. The past and present assure us that history once again repeat itself with no difference. Americans has become divided to an expectation of what an American is. It seems that there has not been any solution to racial profiling. Unconsciously criminal’s assumptions are being beaten, violated, and murder over the decades. According to Thandisiwe Chimurenga, NO DOUBT THE MURDER OF OSCARRead More Racial Profiling is Institutionalized Racism Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesDiallo verdict and all other acts of police brutality. Over one thousand Stanford community members signed petitions to the U.S. Dept. of Justice demanding a new federal trial. nbsp; Ultimately, the problems of police brutality and racial profiling may be alleviated by race-sensitive police training, requiring officers to be from the neighborhoods they police, and most importantly, decentralizing the police department. This would include holding police officers accountable to an effectiveRead MoreThe Causes Of Racism And Racial Profiling In America1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States has lived through generations of racism and racial profiling. Racism is the belief that different races have distinctive cultural characteristics determined by hereditary factors, and that this grants same races with a significant superiority over others. After the days of the Black civil rights movement with MLK Jr., and the years of protesting to have equality in our country. The American people were left with a false notion that they had passed the days of being discriminatedRead MoreRacism And Racial Profiling And Prejudice1827 Words   |  8 Pageswith those words inste ad of my name. I do not say that I am ashamed of my culture or who I am but I just get tired of how society, giving and calling me by the labels, the labels built from their own stereotypes and racial discriminations. And here’s how my life has been filled with racism and discriminations. As every other day, I woke up with the worries of how my day going to be. Full fills with discriminations and stereotypes? Or being the victims of every other kid’s racist jokes? There are thousandsRead MoreEssay on Racism, Racial Profiling and Segregation in America2491 Words   |  10 Pages--we are all complicit and we all carry a certain responsibility for Americas original sin: racism. -- David Bedrick As I walked into the State University Student Center one morning, a disturbing sight immediately struck me. The sight that lay before my eyes was not only very disturbing but also very common at State University. Although the Supreme Court in 1954 in Brown vs. The Topeka Board of Education declared segregation illegal, our student center today probably looks the way dinersRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Out Of Control979 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is racism Today in America racial profiling is out of control. People are being attacked, judge and even killed for reasons beyond just skin color. For many years people of color have been racially profiled, and now when America should be moving forward, America is going backwards. Racial profiling, which is a form of racism has gotten out of control, and the past has not improved as we have moved into the 20th century. It is time for Americans to take a closer look at racialRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Race866 Words   |  4 Pages such as the religious, scientific, or social aspects of it. Racism has existed throughout human history. It is defined as the belief that a particular race possesses characteristics that are specific to that race, and that a certain race is superior or inferior to another. An example of racism is racial profiling, which has been significant issue that plagues our society, especially during the wake of recent events. Racial profiling involves law enforcement officials targeting certain individualsRead MoreRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understand the idea of equality. Second, police need to stop doing racial profilingRead MoreRacism Is Not As Cruel Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is defined as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior† (Oxford dictionary, 2016). It is obvious that racism in America is not as cruel as how it use to be many decades ago, as someone’s skin colour or beliefs cannot dictate his or her own rights and freedom. However, racism has never gone away, it remains an issue and a struggle to this day. Numerous people may believe that America has transformed

Gcse ict evaluation free essay sample

Evaluation of working practice In the beginning of my controlled assessment, I was authorized a task to set up folders and suborders. The folders were in a default format of numbers ranging 1-10. I came up with a final decision that I had to rename the folders in order to specify the folder names for myself and also for anyone else. I had to rename most of my files including external files. This created problems in my representation as I had to relocate files to their address bars. Throughout my assessment I accidental deleted a couple of external files which I was not able to redo . Luckily I had backed up y geese cit folder on an external device so I was able to drag any file or folder I needed. Throughout my 22 and a half hour controlled assessment I had 3 hours a week. I completed my controlled assessment wisely and accordingly with the time I was given. We will write a custom essay sample on Gcse ict evaluation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Suitability and effectiveness of the features analyses I was told we were assigned to compare 2 different websites. It was difficult finding the differences not looking at the similarities. The purpose, house style and the audience. I decided to choose the new era website and the apple website in which I can pick out many differences and similarities. I considered that the 2 websites are eatable to compare and contrast. I also had gained information on the size and type of the images on the websites. Tools and techniques used I had planned and decided how my Powering would look like. Vive used a dark grey and a sky blue color so is stands out and has a professional and clear effect on the presentation. The aim of the presentation is to persuade and explain the New Year 7 what the school have to offer and why they should come to kings Heath Boy School. On my Powering Vive used a master slide and put a navigation bar on the right which is hyperlinked so it links to my other pages on the Powering.

Importance Factors When Choosing a Career free essay sample

A career is different from a regular job because a regular job is mainly a way to earn money. However, a career is a lifelong occupation which offers financial security, and also numerous opportunities for us to improve ourselves. Choosing a career is an unavoidable decision for anyone who wants to pursue his or her tertiary education. Therefore, it is very important to consider several factors carefully when choosing a career. In this article, we will look at four crucial factors to consider when choosing a career. Firstly, we should consider satisfaction when we are choosing a career. If we can get satisfaction from a career, we will stay motivated and enthusiastic throughout the course of our career. However, if we are not satisfied with our career, it will be difficult for us to remain productive. In order to find out if we will be satisfied with a particular career, we should do ample research on the career that interests us. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Factors When Choosing a Career or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly, we should consider talent when we are choosing a career.If we have a natural talent in a field, we will find it more enjoyable and easier to do well in a career that is related to that field. However, we need more than talent to attain excellence. We need to be hardworking as well. To find out if we are truly talented in a field, we should give ourselves a complete and honest assessment. Thirdly, we should consider prospects when we are choosing a career. Prospects refer to our chances of promotions and also increments in salary.It is pointless to remain in a career that does not allow us to improve because we have only one lifetime to use our potential and become the person that we wish to become. To find out more about the type of prospects that a career might offer, we should do ample research and talk to those who are already employed in the field that we are interested in. Lastly, we should consider salary or income when we are choosing a career. This is because we should be rewarded fairly for our skill and contribution to the company that we work for.Furthermore, our salary or income should be based on our professional qualifications, experience, diligence as well as the amount of time that we contribute to the company. Our career is a profession that would occupy a large portion of our lives. Therefore, we should be careful when we are choosing a career. To sum up, we should consider four factors when we are choosing a career. We should decide on a career which offers us satisfaction, chances of advancement, a reasonable salary and a way to use our talent.

Sonnet 71, Holy Sonnet and To His Coy Mistress Essay Example

Sonnet 71, Holy Sonnet and To His Coy Mistress Essay The three poems I have been studing are Holy Sonnet written by John Donre, Sonnet 71, which is written by William Shakespeare, and To His Coy Mistress, which is written by Andrew Marvel. These poems contain major themes dealing with love, death, and sex. These poems are very different from one another. John Donre who is the author of Holy Sonnet talks about a young priest who is challenging death and has no worrys because he doesnt fear anything not even life itself. The priest is calling death on as he says Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so; John Donre is making the priest sound as If he has lost it. John Donre ends the passage with this quote. One short sleep past, we wake eternally, and Death, thou shalt die. The holy sonnet is much different from the sonnet 71. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 71, Holy Sonnet and To His Coy Mistress specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 71, Holy Sonnet and To His Coy Mistress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 71, Holy Sonnet and To His Coy Mistress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sonnet 71 is written by William Shakespeare, this poem is about Shakespeare who tells his lover, no longer mourn for me when I am dead. Shakespeare is basically saying that he loves her and would like her to forget him, as memories will only make her sad. Nay, if you read this line, remember not The hand that writ it; for I love you so, that I in your sweet thoughts be forgot If thinking on me then should make you woe. This play is about two lovers Shakespeare is dying and is writing this poem for his lover because he feels the best way is to be forgotten. This poem is interesting because some people think memories are the best way to remember people. The poem To His Coy Mistress is written by Andrew marvel is about Andrew marvel using love, sex, and death to get his lover to sleep with him. This poem was written in the nineteenth century and language is a bit difficult to understand but the modern reader has a good idea what Andrew is writing about. Throughout the poem he is enforcing the essence. He is persuading her to sleep with him by using death as an excuse. My echoing song; then worms shall try that long preserved virginity; And quaint honour turn to dust; And into ashes all my lust. Andrew Marvel ends the play by saying Thus, though we cannot make our sun Stand still, yet we will make him run. This means she cant expect to have kids unless they have sex, which is very convincing if she would like to have kids. The three poems are difficult as the language is challenging to the modern reader, however the topic of these poems are made for all readers. Marvels poem is To His Coy Mistress is very persuasive as it is very effective. His use of love and death is used to make his mistress steal the moment. His poem would have probably worked on any one. John Donre is an excellent poem for anyone who doesnt fear death this poem is the holy Sonnet. William Shakespeare Sonnet 71 is the perfect poem for some one in their deathbed to give to their lover. These are the three poems we have been studing.

Laws to Protect Children †Childhood Development Essay

Laws to Protect Children – Childhood Development Essay Free Online Research Papers Laws to Protect Children Childhood Development Essay Issues surrounding child protection, the family and state intervention are multifaceted and complex. The social construction of the family is framed in a contextual subjectivity, value laden and built upon the culture, experiences and understanding of those involved. Within this a wide range of problematic issues can be identified in definition, including how we define and perceive the family and children and subsequently with the resolution of that definition, what constitutes acceptable and unacceptable behaviour within the family. To encompass all definitions and perceptions within public discourse would not be possible which makes it extremely challenging to then know exactly when and on what grounds, assumptions and understanding the state should intervene in family life. A definitional issue and an unwillingness of many to open the private inner world of family life to public interpretation and scrutiny does not mean the state should not intervene, but rather highlights many of the pressures and contention faced in state intervention. Defining abuse is central to determining appropriate state intervention with the suggestion that â€Å"child abuse is not an absolute concept, and behaviour has to be examined in its context before it is defined as maltreatment†¦the chronicity and severity of maltreatment prompts intervention.† (Fernandez 2005 p180) A sensitive dichotomy between family privacy and state intrusion and monitoring is also an important issue, particularly when exploring state intervention as a preventative measure as â€Å"acknowledging that any form of surveillance of child-rearing practices poses a threat to the family in a liberal state† (Fernandez 2005 p184) leaving interventions trying to juggle these two contradictory standpoints in child protection. A generally agreed definition in practice is inclusive of â€Å"when a child has been, is being, or is likely to be subjected to physical, emotional, or sexual actions, or inactions which result in significant harm or injury to the child.† (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 1999 p6) From this an argument can be formulated that all behaviour and actions included in this definition warrants state intervention. State intervention may often be conceptualised into two response categorisations – prevention and protection. In locating when the state should intervene in child protection matters relative to protection where abuse is believed to have already occurred it is less complex as the state moves towards protecting the child from risk of harm as soon as possible. The parameters of potential abuse occurrence and investigation are clearer with the role of the state in child protection able to be clarified relative to the outcome of the investigation and specific situational contexts. In matters of prevention, the question of when the state should intervene can become more problematic and complex. The proliferation of prevention service provision as a key child abuse prevention strategy has proven to be very successful with â€Å"getting services to families at a time when they identify that they need help is an important way to support the strengths in a family and make positive chan ges in the lives of children and young people† (NSW Commission for Children and Young People 2000 p44) When a family requests assistance as a preventative measure they can receive appropriate support and intervention for their current issues and future needs which is a conducive partnership is preventing abuse and establishing support networks for children and families. Imposing preventative strategies with families is much more problematic as if no abuse or maltreatment has yet occurred and the family is unwilling to co-operate it is difficult to work towards positive and preventative outcomes. Determining state intervention with particularly marginalised groups may also be very challenging. For example, families with children with learning disabilities may be recognised as a particularly at risk. Mild to moderate developmental disabilities which include intellectual and learning impairment â€Å"were over represented in the sample of maltreated children with disabilities, supporting the view that such children are more at risk of maltreatment than children with a severe disability† (Tomison 1993 p6). There are many factors such as parental stress, interruptions in attachment and child inability to understand or resist abuse that may indicate a high risk for abuse however these risk factors cannot be used to create assumptions of abuse or neglect. State intervention at a prevention level may certainly benefit many families with children with a disability however imposing these is not a fair or appropriate response. Another marginalised group accustomed to the role of state intervention of some level within their lives are refugee children. Refugee children’s status within Australia is already evidence of state intervention. These are children who may be classified as high risk, with multiple family issues. These may include trauma from their experiences in their home countries, their asylum to Australia, from their detention or processing for refugee status as well as ongoing issues surrounding their relocation, financial stress and cultural difference which may include a different conceptualisation of child maltreatment and abuse. These may be individuals who are also, understandably suspicious of state intervention further problematizing if in instances such as these, state intervention as prevention or as protection becomes necessary. Determining when the state should intervene within these examples is difficult, as is defining state involvement with any at risk group and is dependant on wide-ranging factors and specific contexts. Legislation and practice standards within child protection do not specifically mandate appropriate responses and protocol defining when the state should intervene in family life. However, promotion of the health, wellbeing and safety of children and young people is a fundamental consideration within all aspects of the care and protection of children. Inclusion of plans and strategies to prevent abuse and neglect, provide support and assistance to families in difficulty or facing multiple issues, responding to reports of risk of harm as a matter of safety and prevention and ensuring that cases are adequately investigated and offenders appropriately dealt with are recognised among interagency practice (NSW Commission for Children and Young People) These definitions and standards work hand in hand with the principle of â€Å"the best interests of the child† recognised within the ratified United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC). Within the convention the best interests of the child are held as a paramount or at minimal a primary consideration in actions and decisions concerning children. (NSW Commission for Children and Young People 2005) This underpins many of the principles, practices and actions undertaken within child protection within the Australian context. If we can articulate and ascertain that state intervention should occur to promote health, wellbeing, safety and overall best interests of the child, we must deconstruct how we decide what the best interests of the child may be. The United Nations CROC does not simply define a child’s best interests but rather reflects points of clarity central to the best interests of the child that are adaptable to the specific context of the child. These points include the need for a child’s best interests to be taken into consideration, a respect for a child to enjoy the rights and freedoms specified within CROC, the participation of children in decision making processes effecting them and in the event of a parent being unable to maintain the child’s best interests as a fundamental concern, the state may need to intervene in the family life (NSW Commission for Children and Young People 2005) CROC determines minimum standards by which to understand the best interests of the child but is not directly implemented through legislation, although is meant to be included in various aspects of the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 and the Family Law Act amendments of 1996 (NSW Commissi on for Children and Young People 2005) Within child protection practice, the best interests of the child should be represented and reflected in the provision if a child and family centred focus which is wherever possible involving the inclusion and collaboration of all necessary family members and services providers. It should be planned, holistically co-ordinated with the participation of all relevant parties including the child, is evidence based and wherever possible is preventative and strengths based worked on obtaining positive goals and outcomes. A strong argument for children’s issues and children’s rights within child protection relates to the rights of children and young people to participate in decision making that affect their life. This is a fairer representative method of comprehending the plethora of issues surrounding and involved in the best interests of a child, as a child has a right to inclusion and also has an insight into their own life which may prove to be beneficial in determining best interests and making plans for the future. The recent focus on child participation has been reflected in legislation, policy and practice however its significance within an often â€Å"adult centred paradigm† (Mason 2005 p91) undervaluing the construction of childhood and understanding of the often challenging experiences for children. Policy and practice has often reflected children as â€Å"future adults and thereby ignoring them as ‘beings’ with experiences in the present† (Mason 200 5 p92) Child inclusive and participatory practice is one of the most fundamental elements in working towards the best interests of the child with a greater need for child representation, consultation and consideration in all aspects of child protection. Rogers and Wrightsman have identified two major orientations within child protection in determining the best interests of a child. These include the ‘nurturance orientation’, an adult centred top down approach, and the ‘self determination’ orientation, taking into account the articulated thoughts needs and wants of a child in all aspects of policy planning and action. (Fernandez 2005 p187) As with determining when the state should intervene in the life of a family, certain considerations and assumptions must be explored to gain a comprehensive insight and understanding of the contextual experience and circumstances of the young person. This is very important in determining best interests and again various considerations must be incorporated such as ensuring the health, safety and welfare of the child as paramount, meeting all the basic needs of the child, giving children, young people and families an opportunity to contribute to the decision making process where appropriate as well as a consideration of the child’s culture and identity as essential in being upheld and supported and approached in a culturally appropriate and inclusive manner. Determining the best interests of the child may also be problematic with marginalised groups such as children with learning disabilities and refugee children. Children with learning disabilities may not be able to articulate or represent their best interests, in many instances disenabling them from active participation and self-determination in decision-making on their own future. However the best interests of the child should not be imposed or defined without the input where possible of the child. An understanding of the needs of the child, the context and the factors determining and influencing their situation must also be examined when exploring the best interests of the child as a child with a disability should not be defined by that disability but rather as a child, with the diversity of needs, experiences and interests. This is also problematic with refugee children who may face multiple language and cultural barriers and may hold suspicion and fear of the state determining factors regarding their future and interests. The best interests of the child as a principle reflect the UN convention on the rights of the child and thus reflect a life of safety, health and wellbeing, which was unlikely from their country or origin. Cultural understanding, prevention, collaboration and inclusiveness are essential in determining the best interests of refugee children. Their experiences are complex and diverse with barriers such as language, cultural isolation, resistance, fear, lack of knowledge of law and customs and lack of access to services. These need to be adequately taken into consideration as to not warrant a knee jerk reaction to practices that may not represent a western notion of the best interests if the child. There are a wide range of issues, conflicts and dilemmas a child protection worker may face within their work in child protection services. The concepts of protecting children, state intervention and the best interests of the child are value laden and interjected with ever changing contextual subjectivities that complicate and problematize much of the involvement of child protection agencies and workers in the lives of children and families. The child protection worker is centred within these diverse and often contradicting forces and influences and plays a difficult role as a decision making intermediator in situations where no interpretation or decision can ever be completely inclusive or absolute, and where all documentation and decisions made by workers can be questioned and scrutinized. Although this is essential and interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to the most appropriate interventions, scrutiny may be unfairly framed impinging on the workers morale and sense of professional competence. All workers draw upon their professional judgement and contextualizing of events by various participants that may influence their decision-making. At all levels of intervention the worker faces these direct and indirect conflicts and dilemmas as their work is plagued with contradictions and subjectivities. This may be highlighted in situations of omission rather than commission of abuse where the basis on which a decision is made is less clear. This is a topical issue currently for workers when attempting to promote prevention rather than protection. As errors in decision-making may have significant repercussions, with their â€Å"judgement questioned or professional integrity compromised while engaged in child protection duties.† (Briggs et al 2004 p4) Managing to handle the stress and emotionally charged nature of their work is a significant issue and potential dilemma within child protection. This is an issue that may also be conflicted organisationally with inadequate support and recognition of the intensity of child protection for workers by management or colleagues (Briggs et al 2004) High staff turnover may pose a problem for the child protection caseworker with contradicting case notes, lack of stability in interaction with the family and lack of cohesive decision-making through a case history posing a serious threat to the safety and ability of a worker to engage with a family and increase the risk to a child. Workers face conflicts as they may be perceived as a threat to the family structure with many people â€Å"marginalised and disempowered reacting in frustrated and aggressive ways to those who represent authority, such as human service professionals working for a statutory body.† (Briggs et al 2004 p2) The safety of workers may be compromised with violence, threats and intimidation problematic within the field. A dilemma to the worker is how to respond to these and working on developing coping mechanisms for the stressful and problematic behaviours often resulting in burn out, transfers, absences and resignations. (Briggs et al 2004) High caseloads also pose a major problem for workers as their client numbers and departmental performance targets may conflict with the need for time on case work and the holistic investigation of cases with subsequent appropriate case management. This leads to the potential for child safety to be compromised, which is a major ethical dilemma within child protection to which there is no simple solution, rather a balance within the system to attempt to promote the best interests of the child. Child protection services have been described as â€Å"closed systems, isolated from the communities they are supposed to serve.† (Tucci et al 1998 p16) Barriers perceived, existing or imposed between child protection services and the community or other community services are problematic and isolating for the child protection worker. This may make it much more difficult for the worker to engage with the community and promote the best interests of the child, or to be able to intervene safely when necessary in the lives of families. This isolation may be proliferated structurally within child protection services with issues surrounding funding, lack of collaboration or co-operation internally or with other departments and agencies and lack of feedback or supervision. Many of the problems appear to be located intrinsically in a structural and fundamental level that may be relatively inflexible and inadaptable to the needs of the workers and the community. The recent trend of out sourcing and competitive tendering within child protection services is also a cause for concern for the child protection worker. It may be very difficult for a worker to maintain best practice principles if the service providers move away from an egalitarian and care prioritised service within an economic rationalist framework. (Tucci et al 1998) Workers may also face multiple challenges and conflicts in their work with multiple needs and particularly marginalised clients such as children with an intellectual disability and refugee children. Workers may face challenges in the participation of these children. Learning disabled children may face intellectual challenges or challenges defining personal need while refugee children may face language and cultural barriers or may fear participating or defining their needs fearing persecution and distrusting the safety of involvement with government departments. These pose potential conflicts and dilemmas for the worker who may face difficultiews with these families in prevention and protection work. The worker may see families under extenuating circumstances of stress, trauma and isolation and may face many challenges in engaging these families. Additional issues of cultural practices and the role of the family may pose additional dilemmas for the worker in working with clients who m ay come from cultures that condone levels of family violence and child abuse. This may be confronting and difficult for a worker within culturally inclusive and rights based practice facing issues of child safety, abuse, law and culture. State intervention and the best interests of the child are societal issues incorporating the values, beliefs and social construction of the child and family at an intrinsic level. This is reflected within child protection approaches to prevention and protection and is very challenging for a worker within child protection services as no universal standards of objectivity can apply to working within these situations and various contexts. Maintaining a focus upon the rights and inclusion of children and young people within these processes incorporating the holistic needs within a child’s life within the individual, family and society is of immense importance. Working within child protection towards preventative, inclusive and evidence based practice can work collaboratively with a child centred focused in providing the greatest quality support and service for children and their families and work towards the rights and safety of children being upheld within all facets of society. References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (1999) Comparability of Child Protection Data. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Briggs, F, Broadhurst, D, and Hawkins, R. (2004) Violence, Threats and Intimidation in the Lives of Professionals Whose Work Involves Children.[online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available From: www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi2/tandi273.pdf [Accessed 12 October 2005] Fernandez, E. (2005) ‘Child Maltreatment and Child Protection’ in Alston, M. and McKinnon, J. (Eds) Social Work Fields of Practice. (2nd Ed) South Melbourne: University of Oxford Press Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission (2005) The Best Interests of the Child. [online] Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission. Available From: hreoc.gov.au/human_rights.briefs/brief_1.html [Accessed 12 October 2005] NSW Commission for Children and Young People (2000) NSW Interagency Guidelines for Child Protection Intervention. Sydney: NSW Government. Mason, J (2005) ‘Child protection Policy and the Construction of Childhood’ in Mason, J. and Fattore, T. (Eds) Children Taken Seriously; Contemporary Theory, Policy and Practice. London: Jessica Knightly Publishers. Tomison, A.M. (1996) Child Maltreatment and Disability [online] National Child Protection Clearinghouse. Available From: aifs.gov.au/nch/issues7.html [Accessed 19 October 2005] Tucci, J, Goddard, C, Saunders, B, and Stanley, J. (1998) Agenda for Change: Solutions to Problems in Australian Child Protection Systems. Melbourne: Australians Against Child Abuse Child Abuse and Family Violence Research Unit. Bibliography Chenoweth , L. (2002) Children with Disabilities: What Evidence do we have for Better Practice? [online] Association of Children’s Welfare Agencies. Available From: acwa.asn.au/Conf2002/Confproceedings/04%20Lesley%20CHENOWETH.doc Higgins, D. (2004) Differentiating Between Child Maltreatment Experiences. Family Matters. 69 (Spring / Summer 2004), 50-55 Mason, J; and Falloon, J. (1999) A Children’s Perspective on Child Abuse. Children Australia. 24 (3) 9-13. National Child Protection Council (1996) Proposed Plan of Action for the Prevention of Abuse and Neglect of Children from Non-English Speaking Background. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service National Child Protection Council (1996) Proposed Plan of Action for the Prevention of Abuse and Neglect of Children with Disabilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service NSW Child Protection Council (1996) Child Protection in Non English Speaking Background Communities – Culture – No Excuse. Sydney: NSW Child Protection Council. Richardson, N, Higgins, D and Bromfield, L (2005) Making the Right Choices about Child Protection Programs and Services. [online] Australian Institute of Family Studies, National Child Protection Clearinghouse. Available From: aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/papers/mrccpps Tomison, A. (2005) Child Friendly Communities – Tailoring a ‘Whole of Community’ Message. [online] Napcan National Advisory Council. Available From: napcan.org.au/documents/AdamT2005NTLaunch.pdf Research Papers on Laws to Protect Children - Childhood Development EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

The role of using first language and translation in young learners Essay

The role of using first language and translation in young learners classes - Essay Example The paper tells that the most appropriate way to teach English as a Second Language (ESL) or English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is a source of primary scholarly debate. Recently, more attention has been given to the use of translation and the native language (L1) in communicative English Language Teaching (ELT). Most of the theories inform us that young children's language development is influenced by many factors, including using their first language to explain concepts and express abstract reasoning. This is due to the presence of what some researchers call the cognitive window of development. This is often used in cognitive learning in association with the development of self-motivational strategies in children who are learning to use cognitive learning skills that focus on self-efficacy. Planning and goal-setting are involved with what is perceived by many to be an increasing amount of self-regulation in children who succeed in forming self-regulating meta-cognitive processes as they grow older through early to middle childhood (ages 7-12). This theory can exist comfortably alongside theories of the cognitive window, as these self-regulation methods also help children to assimilate knowledge, not intuitively through a window of cognitive functioning, but structurally in terms of cognitive awareness of the expectations of others in the learning process. This theory pertains directly to middle childhood, which is an age range that is currently and actively taking ESL in Oman.